Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Supersonic shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Supersonic offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Supersonic at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Supersonic? Wrong! If the Supersonic is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Supersonic then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Supersonic? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Supersonic and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Supersonic wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Supersonic then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Supersonic site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Supersonic, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Supersonic, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
For other uses, see
Supersonic (disambiguation)
United States Navy
F/A-18E/F Super Hornet in
transonic flight.
Any speed over the speed of sound (Mach number 1), which is approximately 340
metre per second, 1,087
feet per second, 761 Miles per hour or 1,225 kilometre per hour in air at sea level, is said to be
supersonic. Speeds greater than 5 times the speed of sound are sometimes referred to as
hypersonic. Speeds where only some parts of the air around an object (such as the ends of rotor blades) reach supersonic speeds are labelled
transonic (typically somewhere between Mach 0.8 and Mach 1.2).
Sounds are travelling vibrations (pressure waves) in an elastic medium. In gases sound travels longitudinally at different speeds, mostly depending on the molecular mass and temperature of the gas; (pressure has a little effect). Since air temperature and composition varies significantly with altitude,
Mach numbers for aircraft can change without airspeed varying. In water at
room temperature supersonic can be considered as any speed greater than 1,440 m/s or 4,724 ft/s. In solids, sound waves can be longitudinal or transverse and have even higher velocities.
Supersonic fracture is crack motion faster than the speed of sound in a
brittle material.
Supersonic objects
Many modern fighter aircraft are supersonic, but
Concorde and the Tupolev Tu-144 were the only
supersonic transport. Since Concorde's final retirement flight on November 26
2003, there are no supersonic passenger aircraft left in service. Some large bombers, such as the
Tupolev Tu-160 and Rockwell International/Boeing
B-1B are also supersonic-capable. The F-22 and Eurofighter are among the first fighters to be able to sustain supersonic flight for prolonged periods of time without the use of
afterburners.
Most modern firearm munitions are supersonic, with rifle
projectiles often travelling at speeds approaching Mach (speed) 3.
Most
spacecraft, most notably the
Space Shuttle are supersonic at least during portions of their reentry, though the effects on the spacecraft are reduced by low air pressures. During ascent, launch vehicles generally avoid going supersonic below 30 km (~98,400 feet) to reduce air drag.
Note that the Speed of sound#Speed in ideal gases and in air decreases somewhat with altitude, due to lower temperatures found there (typically up to 25 km). At even higher altitudes the temperature starts increasing, with the corresponding increase in the speed of sound. eXtreme High Altitude Conditions Calculator
Breaking the sound barrier
Supersonic
aerodynamics are simpler than subsonic because the airsheets at different points along the plane often can't affect each other. Supersonic jets and rocket vehicles require several times greater thrust to push through the extra drag experienced within the
transonic region (around Mach 0.85-1.5). At these speeds Aerospace engineers can gently guide air around the
fuselage of the aircraft without producing new shock waves but any change in cross sectional area further down the vehicle leads to shock waves along the body. Designers use the Supersonic area rule and the
Whitcomb area rule to minimize sudden changes in size.
It should be kept in mind, however, that the aerodynamic principles behind a supersonic aircraft are often more complex than described above due to the fact that such an aircraft must be efficient and stable at supersonic, transonic
and subsonic flight.
At high speeds aerodynamic heating can occur, so an aircraft must be designed to operate and function under very high temperatures. For example, the
SR-71 Blackbird jet could fly continuously at Mach 3.1 while some parts were above 315°C (600°F).
image:Supersonic shockless engine.PNG|A cage around the engine reflects any shock waves.A spike behind the engine converts them into thrust.image:Supersonic shockless fuselage.PNG|To generate lift a supersonic aircraft has to produce at least two shock waves: One over-pressure downwards wave, and one under-pressure upwards wave. Withcomb's area rule states, we can reuse air displacement without generating additional shock waves. In this case the fuselage reuses some displacement of the wings.image:Supersonic_shocking_fuselage.png|Why real planes produce under-pressure shockwaves on the ground.image:supersonic_blunt_nose_inlet.png|NASA has recently shown that a bow shock wave widens and flattens before it reaches the ground, while multiple shocks produce N-waves with a lot of energy in the audio range. As internal supersonic compression can unstart, designers want external compression. As these produce also external shocks, they have to be located at the nose.
See also
Other flow regimes
References
External links
- MathPages - The Speed of Sound
- Sound
- Supersonic sound pressure levels
For other uses, see
Supersonic (disambiguation)
United States Navy
F/A-18E/F Super Hornet in transonic flight.
Any speed over the
speed of sound (
Mach number 1), which is approximately 340
metre per second, 1,087 feet per second, 761
Miles per hour or 1,225
kilometre per hour in air at sea level, is said to be
supersonic. Speeds greater than 5 times the speed of sound are sometimes referred to as
hypersonic. Speeds where only some parts of the air around an object (such as the ends of rotor blades) reach supersonic speeds are labelled transonic (typically somewhere between Mach 0.8 and Mach 1.2).
Sounds are travelling vibrations (pressure waves) in an elastic medium. In gases sound travels longitudinally at different speeds, mostly depending on the molecular mass and
temperature of the gas; (
pressure has a little effect). Since air temperature and composition varies significantly with altitude,
Mach numbers for aircraft can change without airspeed varying. In water at room temperature supersonic can be considered as any speed greater than 1,440 m/s or 4,724 ft/s. In solids, sound waves can be longitudinal or transverse and have even higher velocities.
Supersonic fracture is crack motion faster than the speed of sound in a
brittle material.
Supersonic objects
Many modern fighter aircraft are supersonic, but
Concorde and the Tupolev Tu-144 were the only
supersonic transport. Since Concorde's final retirement flight on November 26
2003, there are no supersonic passenger aircraft left in service. Some large
bombers, such as the
Tupolev Tu-160 and
Rockwell International/Boeing B-1B are also supersonic-capable. The
F-22 and Eurofighter are among the first fighters to be able to sustain supersonic flight for prolonged periods of time without the use of
afterburners.
Most modern firearm munitions are supersonic, with rifle
projectiles often travelling at speeds approaching
Mach (speed) 3.
Most
spacecraft, most notably the
Space Shuttle are supersonic at least during portions of their reentry, though the effects on the spacecraft are reduced by low air pressures. During ascent, launch vehicles generally avoid going supersonic below 30 km (~98,400 feet) to reduce air drag.
Note that the
Speed of sound#Speed in ideal gases and in air decreases somewhat with altitude, due to lower temperatures found there (typically up to 25 km). At even higher altitudes the temperature starts increasing, with the corresponding increase in the speed of sound. eXtreme High Altitude Conditions Calculator
Breaking the sound barrier
Supersonic aerodynamics are simpler than subsonic because the airsheets at different points along the plane often can't affect each other. Supersonic jets and rocket vehicles require several times greater thrust to push through the extra drag experienced within the
transonic region (around Mach 0.85-1.5). At these speeds Aerospace engineers can gently guide air around the
fuselage of the aircraft without producing new
shock waves but any change in cross sectional area further down the vehicle leads to shock waves along the body. Designers use the
Supersonic area rule and the Whitcomb area rule to minimize sudden changes in size.
It should be kept in mind, however, that the aerodynamic principles behind a supersonic aircraft are often more complex than described above due to the fact that such an aircraft must be efficient and stable at supersonic, transonic
and subsonic flight.
At high speeds
aerodynamic heating can occur, so an aircraft must be designed to operate and function under very high temperatures. For example, the
SR-71 Blackbird jet could fly continuously at Mach 3.1 while some parts were above 315°C (600°F).
image:Supersonic shockless engine.PNG|A cage around the engine reflects any shock waves.A spike behind the engine converts them into thrust.image:Supersonic shockless fuselage.PNG|To generate lift a supersonic aircraft has to produce at least two shock waves: One over-pressure downwards wave, and one under-pressure upwards wave. Withcomb's area rule states, we can reuse air displacement without generating additional shock waves. In this case the fuselage reuses some displacement of the wings.image:Supersonic_shocking_fuselage.png|Why real planes produce under-pressure shockwaves on the ground.image:supersonic_blunt_nose_inlet.png|NASA has recently shown that a bow shock wave widens and flattens before it reaches the ground, while multiple shocks produce N-waves with a lot of energy in the audio range. As internal supersonic compression can unstart, designers want external compression. As these produce also external shocks, they have to be located at the nose.
See also
Other flow regimes
References
External links
- MathPages - The Speed of Sound
- Sound
- Supersonic sound pressure levels
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